新型泡沫灭火剂中关键表面活性剂组分的结构与研究进展

Structure and research progress of key surfactant components in new type foam fire extinguishing agents

摘要:

泡沫灭火剂通过阻隔氧气、降低燃料温度和阻止燃料蒸气释放与空气接触来有效控制或扑灭火灾，其关键组分为降低水与油品界面张力的表面活性剂，当前主要采用的高效成分是全氟辛烷磺酸（Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid, PFOS），即含氟泡沫灭火剂。然而，PFOS因对环境与健康的危害而受到严格管控，因此开发其替代物的研究十分紧迫。本文简述了含氟泡沫灭火剂中PFOS的危害性，重点探讨了泡沫灭火剂中三类替代物表面活性剂的结构特点与开发现状：1）C4短链全氟烷基磺酸表面活性剂；2）含CF3CF2CF2C(CF3)2基团支链的氟表面活性剂和引入醚键的氟碳表面活性剂；3）有机硅表面活性剂。文章最后对三类表面活性剂应用前景进行了展望。本文重点从结构角度对目前替代物设计策略进行分析和总结，将为绿色环保型泡沫灭火剂的研发提供指导和支持。

Abstract:

Foam extinguishing agents can effectively control or extinguish fires by blocking oxygen, lowering fuel temperature and preventing fuel vapor release from contact with air, and its key component is surfactants that reduce the interfacial tension between water and oil. However, PFOS is strictly regulated due to its environmental and health hazards, so research to develop alternatives to PFOS is urgent. In this paper, the hazards of PFOS in fluorine-containing foam fire extinguishing agents are briefly described, and the structural characteristics and development status of three types of surfactants in foam fire extinguishing agents are discussed: 1) C4 short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid surfactants; 2) fluorosurfactants containing branched chains of CF3CF2CF2C(CF3)2 groups and fluorocarbon surfactants with ether bonds introduced; 3) Silicone surfactants. Finally, the application prospects of three types of surfactants are prospected. This paper focuses on the analysis and summary of the current design strategies of substitutes from a structural perspective, which will provide guidance and support for the research and development of green and environmentally friendly foam fire extinguishing agents.