含能金属有机框架(EMOFs)在火炸药中的研究进展

Research advances in energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs) for propellants and explosives

摘要:

含能金属有机框架（EMOFs）作为一类新兴的高能量密度材料，凭借其由金属节点与含能有机配体精准组装而成的独特晶格结构，近年来在火炸药领域展现出引人瞩目的应用前景。其核心价值在于通过分子层面的精巧设计，有效协同优化了能量密度、热稳定性与机械感度这三项传统含能材料中常相互制约的关键性能，为提升能量释放效率与使用安全性提供了创新路径。该文系统梳理了EMOFs在火炸药领域的应用及特点，重点探讨了其作为高效燃速催化剂在固体推进剂中的应用潜力，EMOFs独特的孔道结构和可调控的活性位点有望实现对燃烧速率的精准调控；同时剖析了其作为新型起爆药的优势，其可设计的爆轰性能和相对钝感的特性为开发更安全、更可靠的高精度起爆元件奠定了基础，深入解析了支撑这些应用的分子设计策略（如配体工程、拓扑调控），并客观评述了EMOFs在综合性能平衡方面相较于传统材料的显著优势及当前面临的主要挑战。最后指出未来EMOFs含能材料实现从“高能化”到“精准化”的实质性跨越，亟需在四大方向取得突破：一是攻克规模化、低成本的工业化制备技术瓶颈；二是发展环境友好的绿色合成方法并系统评估其生态影响；三是深化结构-功能精准协同设计理论，实现对爆轰波传播、感度阈值及燃烧行为等关键参数的智能响应与精确控制；四是开发兼具高能、缓蚀、降感、工艺适配等多功能协同的EMOFs体系。

Abstract:

Energetic Metal-Organic Frameworks (EMOFs), as an emerging class of high-energy-density materials, have garnered significant attention in the field of explosives and propellants in recent years, owing to their distinctive lattice structures formed through the precise assembly of metal nodes and energetic organic ligands. Their core value lies in the molecular-level ingenuity of their design, which effectively achieves synergistic optimization of three critical yet often mutually constraining properties in traditional energetic materials: energy density, thermal stability, and mechanical sensitivity. This provides an innovative pathway for enhancing energy release efficiency while ensuring operational safety. This article systematically delineates the cutting-edge applications and progress of EMOFs within the energetic materials domain. It focuses on their considerable potential as highly efficient burn rate catalysts within solid propellants, where the unique pore architectures and tunable active sites of EMOFs offer promising prospects for the precise modulation of combustion rates. Concurrently, the article analyzes the advantages of EMOFs as novel primary explosives, highlighting their tailorable detonation performance and relatively low sensitivity as the foundational elements for developing safer, more reliable, high-precision initiation devices. Furthermore, the work delves into the underlying molecular design strategies (such as ligand engineering and topological control) that enable these applications. It provides an objective assessment of the significant advantages EMOFs exhibit over traditional materials regarding balanced comprehensive performance, while also addressing the principal challenges currently impeding their advancement. Looking ahead, propelling EMOFs towards a substantive leap from mere “high-energy” materials to “precision-oriented” energetic systems necessitates breakthroughs in three key directions: Firstly, overcoming the bottlenecks associated with scalable, low-cost industrial manufacturing techniques. Secondly, advancing environmentally benign green synthesis methodologies coupled with systematic evaluations of their ecological impact. Thirdly, deepening the theoretical framework for precision-guided structure-function synergy to achieve intelligent responsiveness and exacting control over critical parameters governing detonation wave propagation, sensitivity thresholds, and combustion behavior. Only through synergistic innovation across these dimensions can EMOFs truly lead the development of next-generation advanced energetic systems characterized by high performance, enhanced safety, and intelligent functionality. Fourth, designing novel multifunctional EMOFs systems that synergistically integrate high energy density with corrosion inhibition, desensitization, and enhanced process compatibility.